Prolonged Preservation Of The Heart Prior To Transplantation Essays

Prolonged Preservation of the Heart Prior to Transplantation Biochemistry Prolonged Preservation of the Heart Prior to Transplantation Picture this. A man is involved in a severe car crash in Florida which has left him brain-dead with no hope for any kind of recovery. The majority of his vital organs are still functional and the man has designated that his organs be donated to a needy person upon his untimely death. Meanwhile, upon checking with the donor registry board, it is discovered that the best match for receiving the heart of the Florida man is a male in Oregon who is in desperate need of a heart transplant. Without the transplant, the man will most certainly die within 48 hours. The second man's tissues match up perfectly with the brain-dead man's in Florida. This seems like an excellent opportunity for a heart transplant. However, a transplant is currently not a viable option for the Oregon man since he is separated by such a vast geographic distance from the organ. Scientists and doctors are currently only able to keep a donor heart viable for four hours before the tissues become irreversibly damaged. Because of this preservation restriction, the donor heart is ultimately given to someone whose tissues do not match up as well, so there is a greatly increased chance for rejection of the organ by the recipient. As far as the man in Oregon goes, he will probably not receive a donor heart before his own expires. Currently, when a heart is being prepared for transplantation, it is simply submerged in an isotonic saline ice bath in an attempt to stop all metabolic activity of that heart. This cold submersion technique is adequate for only four hours. However, if the heart is perfused with the proper media, it can remain viable for up to 24 hours. The technique of perfusion is based on intrinsically simple principles. What occurs is a physician carefully excises the heart from the donor. He then accurately trims the vessels of the heart so they can be easily attached to the perfusion apparatus. After trimming, a cannula is inserted into the superior vena cava. Through this cannula, the preservation media can be pumped in. What if this scenario were different? What if doctors were able to preserve the donor heart and keep it viable outside the body for up to 24 hours instead of only four hours? If this were possible, the heart in Florida could have been transported across the country to Oregon where the perfect recipient waited. The biochemical composition of the preservation media for hearts during the transplant delay is drastically important for prolonging the viability of the organ. If a media can be developed that could preserve the heart for longer periods of time, many lives could be saved as a result. Another benefit of this increase in time is that it would allow doctors the time to better prepare themselves for the lengthy operation. The accidents that render people brain-dead often occur at night or in the early morning. Presently, as soon as a donor organ becomes available, doctors must immediately go to work at transplanting it. This extremely intricate and intense operation takes a long time to complete. If the transplanting doctor is exhausted from working a long day, the increase in duration would allow him enough time to get some much needed rest so he can perform the operation under the best possible circumstances. Experiments have been conducted that studied the effects of preserving excised hearts by adding several compounds to the media in which the organ is being stored. The most successful of these compounds are pyruvate and a pyruvate containing compound known as perfluoroperhydrophenanthrene-egg yolk phospholipid (APE-LM). It was determined that adding pyruvate to the media improved postpreservation cardiac function while adding glucose had little or no effect. To test the function of these two intermediates, rabbit hearts were excised and preserved for an average of 24.5 1 0.2 hours on a preservation apparatus before they were transplanted back into a recipient rabbit. While attached to the preservation apparatus, samples of the media output of the heart were taken every 2 hours and were assayed for their content. If the compound

Sybil Ludington, Possible Female Paul Revere

Sybil Ludington, Possible Female Paul Revere Sybil Ludington (April 5, 1761–February 26, 1839) was a young woman who lived in rural Dutchess County, New York, close to the Connecticut border, during the American Revolution. The daughter of a commander in the Dutchess County militia, 16-year-old Sybil is said to have ridden 40 miles into what is today Connecticut to warn members of her fathers militia that the British were about to attack their neighborhood. Fast Facts: Sybil Ludington Known For: Warning the Colonial militia that the British were comingBorn: April 5, 1761 in Fredericksburg, New YorkParents: Col. Henry Ludington and Abigail LudingtonDied: February 26, 1839 in Unadilla, New YorkEducation: UnknownSpouse: Edmond OgdenChildren: Henry Ogden Early Life Sybil Ludington was born on April 5, 1761, in Fredericksburg, New York, the eldest of 12 children of Henry and Abigail Ludington. Sybils father (1739–1817) was a prominent figure in Fredericksburg- he had taken part in the Battle of Lake George in 1755 and served in the French and Indian War. He owned about 229 acres of undeveloped land in what is today New York State, and he was a mill owner. As a farmer and mill owner in Patterson, New York, Ludington was a community leader and volunteered to serve as the local militia commander as war with the British loomed. His wife Abigail (1745–1825) was a cousin; they married on May 1, 1760. As the eldest daughter, Sybil (spelled Sibel or Sebel in documentary records) assisted with childcare. Her ride in support of the war effort is said to have taken place on April 26, 1777. Sybils Ride According to the story as reported in a 1907 biography of Colonel Ludington, on Saturday night, April 26, 1777, a messenger arrived at Colonel Ludingtons home, saying that the town of Danbury had been burned by the British, and the militia was needed to furnish the troops for General Gold Selleck Silliman (1732–1790). The members of Ludingtons militia were scattered in their homes, and the Colonel needed to stay at his residence to muster the troops. He told Sybil to ride for the men and tell them to be at his house by daybreak. She did, riding on a horse with a mans saddle, bearing the news of the sack of Danbury. By daybreak, nearly the whole regiment was mustered at her fathers house and they went out to fight the battle. Mapping the Ride In the 1920s, historians of the Enoch Crosby Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR) mapped the possible route of Sybils ride using a list of the locations of the militia members and a contemporary map of the region. It was estimated to have been about 40 miles, three times as long as that of Paul Reveres ride. By some accounts, she traveled on her horse, Star, through the towns of Carmel, Mahopac, and Stormville, in the middle of the night, in a rainstorm, on muddy roads, shouting that the British were burning Danbury and calling out the militia to assemble at Ludingtons home. The 400-some troops were not able to save the supplies and the town at Danbury- the British seized or destroyed food and munitions and burned the town- but they were able to stop the British advance and push them back to their boats, in the Battle of Ridgefield on April 27, 1777. Becoming a Heroine The earliest report of Sybils ride we have is from over a century later, an 1880 account in a book named History of the City of New York: Its Origin, Rise and Progress by Martha J. Lamb. Lamb said she had gotten her information from the family and had used a wide array of correspondence and interviews with private individuals, as well as genealogical references. The 1907 reference cited above is a biography of Colonel Ludington, written by historian Willis Fletcher Johnson and privately published by Ludingtons grandchildren, Lavinia Ludington and Charles Henry Ludington. Sybils ride only takes up two pages (89–90) of the 300-page book. The surmised route for the ride was marked by historical markers to celebrate the 150th anniversary of the American Revolution: theyre still there today, and theres a tale about the existence of Sybils Oak and that her horse was called Star. Writer Vincent Dacquino reports that according to records assembled in the 1930s, George Washington visited the Ludingtons to thank Sybil, but letters describing that visit were lost even then. Legacy of Sybil Ludington In a 2005 article, historian Paula Hunt tracked down the available information about Sybil, and describes the growth of the story in importance throughout the 20th century, setting its various meanings within the context of current events. In the Victorian era, the American Revolution was an important meme about nativism: groups like the DAR (established in 1890), the Colonial Dames of America (1890), and the Mayflower Descendants (1897)  all were situating descendants of people in the original 13 colonies as real Americans, in comparison to new immigrants. During the Great Depression, Sybils ride became an icon of the ability for ordinary people to perform extraordinary feats during times of adversity. In the 1980s, she represented the growing feminist movement, highlighting the way womens roles in history have been forgotten or downplayed. When those tales compared her favorably to Paul Revere (three times as long as Reveres ride, and she wasnt captured by the British), the story was attacked as fraudulent and feminist-biased: in 1996, the DAR refused to put a marker on her grave establishing her has a recognized patriot. The group eventually changed its mind in 2003. Its a Great Story, But... Sybil Ludington was a real person, but whether her ride happened or not has been debated. Since the original publication of the tale nearly a century after it is said to have occurred, Sybils story has been embellished: there are numerous childrens books, television programs, and poems written about her. A 4,000-pound sculpture of her ride was erected on the shores of Lake Gleneida in 1961, a U.S. postage stamp featuring her was issued in 1975, an episode of the PBS TV Series Libertys Kids featured her; and there has even been a musical and an opera performing her story. The Annual Sybil Ludington 50 / 25 K Run has been held in Carmel, New York every year since 1979. As Paula Hunt puts it, the Sybil story, whether it actually happened or not, indicates that people are, despite their reputation, interested in the past. Sybils ride has become a dramatic origin myth about American identity, as a heritage and as civic engagement, it embodies courage, individuality, and loyalty. Marriage and Death Sybil herself married Edmond (sometimes recorded as Edward or Henry) Ogden on October 21, 1784, and afterward lived in Unadilla, New York. Edmond was a sergeant in the Connecticut regiment; he died on September 16, 1799. They had one son, Henry Ogden, who became a lawyer and a New York State Assemblyman. Sybil applied for a widows pension in April 1838 but was turned down because she couldnt provide evidence of their marriage; she died in Unadilla on February 26, 1839. Sources Dacquino, Vincent T. Patriot Hero of the Hudson Valley: The Life and Ride of Sybil Ludington. Charleston SC: The History Press, 2019.  Sybil Ludington. Forgotten Voices. JCTVAccess KJLU’s News Department, YouTube, February 19, 2018.Hunt, Paula D. Sybil Ludington, the Female Paul Revere: The Making of a Revolutionary War Heroine. The New England Quarterly 88.2 (2015): 187–222.Johnson, Willis Fletcher. Colonel Henry Ludington: A Memoir. New York: Lavinia Ludington and Charles Henry Ludington, 1907.

Employment Law in UK Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Employment Law in UK - Case Study Example Since, the European law prevails over the domestic law, the domestic courts and tribunals have to apply relevant principles of the European law, which in this context refers to the EC Treaty and directives2. Sometimes, a court or tribunal directly applies the European law and sometimes, where there seems to be a conflict between domestic and European law, the European Court of Justice or the ECJ is asked to decide on the correct interpretation of the law. The ECJ's objective is to ensure the uniform interpretation and effective application of European law. In case of a conflict between domestic legislation and European law, an important consideration is whether the law concerned has direct effect in the UK. Article 141 of the EC Treaty3 has direct effect between private citizens or the horizontal effect and between private citizens and the state or the vertical effect. As per the provisions of the European Communities Act 1972, the European Community law forms part of UK domestic law. ... In respect of appellant claims, Section 2(4) of the 1970 Act is relevant and in order to be admissible in an employment tribunal, these claims have to be filed within the statutory time limit. In such cases the employment tribunal is empowered to grant a successful applicant the right to retrospective access to the scheme, subject to the payment of appropriate contributions, wherever the periods of employment were not earlier than the 8th of April 1976. The significance of this date is that from this date direct effect was given to the judgment of the European Court of Justice in Defrenne v Sabena6 and in this case the court held that article 119 of the EC Treaty7 provided for equal treatment in the right to join an occupational pension scheme. In Alabaster -v- Barclays Bank Plc8 Mrs. Alabaster pleaded that her employer's failure to incorporate her pay rise into her SMP was contrary to the Equal Pay Act 1970 and Article 141 of the EC Treaty. The ECJ ruled in her favour and held that there was a breach of EU law, resulting in the UK Government amending the SMP rules. The Employment Appeal Tribunal or EAT has ruled that the Equal Pay Act 1970 is not infringed by a pay system wherein employees with more service and experience were paid more than those with lesser service and experience even though most of the latter are female and most of the former are male. The argument that the ECJ decision in Nimz v Frie und Hansestadt Hamburg9 is not good law because of Handels- og Kontorfunktionrernes Forbund I Danmark v Dansk Arbejdsgiverforening10, is untenable, because the first case was concerned with part time employees whereas the

Prepared case analysis of a single case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Prepared analysis of a single - Case Study Example The increased size of the company has been one of the components that have created the company’s strong competitive platform. However, the sales of the season were below the expectations. The company made substantial losses due to the low returns. The management reacted to the situation by selling 15 stores to raise some cash. The management of the company has provided both income statement and the statement of financial position to assist in assessing the actual problem faced by the organization. Based on the company’s income statement, the net sales have steadily been increasing since the year 2006 to the most current year 2011. Similar trend applies to the earnings before interest and tax and the net income. However, as at the end of 2011, both earnings before interest and tax and the net income for the company sharply decreased to a negative figure. In the year 2010, the EBIT stood at $ 312 millions, but dropped to $ -9 million. Similarly, the net income during the financial period 2010 was $ 189 million but dropped to $ -49 million. Surprisingly, the net sales of the year2010 and 2011 were $ 3,314 million and $ 3,351 million, indicating an increase in the figure between the two periods. Therefore, the main questions in the case study are as follows: first, what seems to be the problem with the Hobby Horse company? Second, are any issues to be addressed revealed by the company’s financial statement? In order to answer the second question and probably find some leads to address the second, the following financial ratios have been conducted for a four year period (2008-2011): gearing ratios, profitability ratios, and liquidity ratios for Debt/equity - ratio indicates the proportion of fixed charge capital in the capital structure of a firm. Concerning Hobby Horse Company, the ratios from 2008 to 2011 are 0.6195, 0.4958, 0.2193 and 0.349 respectively. The ratio interpretation for the

The Great Smart Phone War; Apple vs. Samsung Essay Example for Free

The Great Smart Phone War; Apple vs. Samsung Essay Apple Inc. is an international software company that globally produces and supplies digitally enabled gadgets. History of the company. The company was started by the late Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak on April 1, 1976. Jobs and Wozniak schooled together in high school and had been friends. They both dropped out of school and got employed by different companies. Steve Jobs got to work with Atari while Wozniak worked with Hewlett-Packard. Wozniak made the first Apple I design in 1976 but it did not capture the hearts of many. In 1977, they presented the new Apple II phone at a local computer trade show and it captured the attention of many. This led to an increase in demand of the product which led to a huge need of immediate workforce. They hired a lot of employees and during the launch of their Apple III, Apple Company became a real company. Like any company, Apple Inc has had its good and bad days alike. They lost the co-founder Steve Jobs in October 5, 2011 to respiratory arrest and Steve Wozniak retired. Currently, Tim Cook is the company’s CEO. Products and services. Apple Company has successfully launched and sold many products and services worldwide. They create personal computers, mobile phones, portable digital music players and media devices. They also provide the OS X and iOS operating systems and consumer and professional software. They also offer application software, headphones, printers and storage devices. Their most popular products and services include iPhone, iPod, Macintosh (MAC) computers, iPad, Apple TV, iCloud, iTunes Stores, iBooks Store, and Mac App Store. Competition facing the company’s products. IPhone is currently one of the most trending and most sort after mobile phone in the gadget market. Samsung, Sony, and Nokia are some of the multinational corporations that compete gadget-wise with Apple. Apple Inc launched iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus last year. They were released on September 2014. These two iPhone versions have tremendously upgraded from the previous version iPhone 5s. Unfortunately, Apple is not the only the only company with an upgrade in its mobile devices. Samsung came up with its new version, Samsung Note IV which is equally popular and trendy as Apple’s new versions. Nokia continually launches its Nokia Lumia phones the latest being Nokia Lumia 1020. Sony also has quite impressive and outstanding mobile phones. One of their greatest achievements is the launching of its water-proof mobile phones. Sony Xperia Z was one of the firstly launched water-proof phones that captured the hearts of many. All these m obile devices by different corporations battle out in a perfect competitive market with Apple Inc. In order to keep up, Apple should aim at advancing and embracing innovative ideas and continually launch high-end products. Personal computers (PCs) are some of the designs and products that Apple manufacturers. Competition is tense because companies like Dell Inc, Hewlett-Packard Company (HP), Lenovo Group Limited, and Acer Inc. These companies produce personal computers and laptops too. Some of the companies have established a firm reputation in the manufacture of the computers. Companies like Dell and HP are world widely sort after by multiple organizations due to their consultancy services. This makes the competition quite intense for Apple. Apple has come up with Macintosh (MAC) computers and they are quite marketable but regionally and continentally. This is not the same case with Dell and HP products which are sort after globally. IPods are Apple’s digitally enabled pocket-size music players. They made music less burdensome and more enjoyable. One could be able to enjoy music without the burdensome struggle of carrying around a phone or a music player. Apple had been the main and single company that had successfully launched and marketed the digital music player devices. Samsung did not want to disappoint, so they launched their own, Samsung Galaxy Player 4.0 and Samsung Galaxy Player WiFi 5.0. Sony was not left behind; they also launched their own Sony Walkman Z. It was prosperous in the market but not as equally successful as the iPod touch. Apple happens to be a producer of operating services. They offer OS X and iOS operating systems. Their Macintosh computers use the MAC OS X version while their mobile phones use the IOS mobile operating system. Their operating system gets extremely wild competition from Windows and Android operating systems. Windows OS is managed by Microsoft and is used by different gadgets. Many computers have installed the Windows OS. Nokia recently partnered with Microsoft in launching their new phones with enabled Windows OS. Android OS is managed by Google Inc. under the maintenance of Open Handset Alliance. It’s the most common OS used by majority of the mobile devices and companies such as Sony and Samsung. Majority of these operating systems have an upper hand advantage, they offer the developers freedom to come up with more versions of the OS. This is what makes the Android OS more popular than Apple’s OS X and iOS systems. Apple TV was first launched in 2006 and the current one was introduced on March 20012. Many people confuse the Apple TV with actual television but that is not the case. The Apple TV is a compact set that uses application software to wirelessly stream contents from a nearby PC to a high definition (HD) TV. It faces competition from Amazon Fire TV, Roku Streaming Stick, Virgin Media TiVo, Now TV and Freetime. Amazon Fire TV is widely common because it directly streams any media content into your TV. This is way easier because it does not have the pressure of MAC OS X systems. Competitors in the market. Every company experiences competition, in one way or the other. The competition can be from within or from outside. Majority of the competition that most corporations face is from other rival organizations. Apple Inc. like any normal corporation has its own competition in the existing market. Some of the top competitors that compete with Apple Inc. include, Sony Corporation, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd, Dell Inc, Hewlett-Packard Company (HP), Microsoft Corporations and others. Corporations in competition Sony Corporation (Sony) is a producer of electronic products. The company’s headquarter is in Tokyo, Japan. It designs and sells audio and video products, personal computers, cameras, mobile phones, televisions, batteries, game software, music software and animation works. Sony is considered as competition by Apple Inc due to their unique designs in personal computers and mobile phones. Sony has been successful in launching mobile gadgets that can operate in water which gave many mobile manufacturing companies including Apple Inc. a run for their money. This phone design marked a new margin of innovation and these assisted the Sony Corporation in setting pace for the other organizations. Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. (Samsung) is a sole manufacturer of televisions, mobile phones, personal computers, LCD panels, and storage and fiber optic devices. Samsung’s headquarters are located in Seoul, Republic of Korea. It offers stiff competition to Apple and other gadget manufacturing companies. They intend to fully respond to the ever growing demand of high-end products. They plan to achieve this by launching successful smart-phone with the purpose of making fiction reality. Some of their recently launched products, such as Samsung Note IV and Samsung Galaxy S IV come highly recommended in the market, competing with Apple’s iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus. The Samsung and Apple Company have been at loggerheads and in constant competition to see whose products and services would yield the most utility. Dell Inc is also one of the leading and top manufacturers of desktop personal computers, software and peripherals. Its main headquarter is in Round Rock, the US. They mainly produce and sell laptops, mobile phones, desktops, printers, and storage devices. They are competitive due to their extensive manufacturing and supplying of laptops and desktops. Majority of their products are globally used by many organizations. Apple and Dell computers both offer excellent services, but majority of the people view Apple’s products as generally expensive. Evaluation of consumer prices and general market prices agree with the hypothesis. Apple products and services are generally more expensive than others, including Dell. Dell is quite popular in a lot of organizations due to its easy to access and easy to use applications. Hewlett-Packard Company (HP), like Dell also produces and manufacturer personal computers, and application software. HP is headquartered at Palo Alto, California, the US. Their main products include laptops, desktops, printers and mobile phones. They compete with Apple Inc mainly in the marketing and selling of personal computers and laptops. Their mobile phone brands and tablets have not swept the market by storm. With their plan to extensively launch new products such as their HP ElitePad 1000 and HP ProPad 600, they might rocket to be the highest technology companies. Currently HP stands at a higher edge in production and trade-offs in personal computers and laptops than the Apple Inc. Case study on the apple INC Apple Inc. has greatly succeeded in shaping the today’s technology. Apple provides services to legal companies, healthcare facilities, government institution and media platforms. These different institutions yield satisfaction from products and services that are offered by Apple Inc. Most of these facilities are equipped with Apple personal computers, printers, and tablets. Tablets are quite useful in the current setting. In the not so distant past, people used to carry around laptops in order to access notes or presentations. This quite both cumbersome to a lot of people. But with introduction of Apple Tablets, iPads, work was lessened and less burdensome. Apple’s CEO, Tim Cook, recently convinced corporations that Apple Inc. is currently moving forward in enhancing a more secure platform for organizations through data-encryption technology. The main aim of this strategy is to convince more businesses to partner in making Apple Inc. their sole software producer. If an organization considers itself as the pinnacle success or exclusivity, it has to portray such an image. For example, if it’s a five-star hotel, for people to rate it as such, it should have elite and prestigious facilities and services. Apple Inc. happens to produce exclusive products such as their fine MAC computers and Apple TV. The Apple TV could be installed in different rooms so that the guests could watch the streamed videos and music. The MAC computers would be used by staff such as at the reception. If the hotel management decides to invest in these products, they may achieve the reputation they desire. These actions would set them apart from the rest of the resorts hence giving them a competitive advantage. In the current global-awareness and internet ruled age, majority of the organizations seek to get customers by luring them with the promise of special gifts and prizes to be won. Some are true while some do not hold up to their end of the bargain. In different websites, companies advertise their products and place an ad in the page claiming that if someone takes certain quizzes or subscribes to a certain subscriptions, they would stand a chance of winning a prize. More often than not these coveted prizes include tablets, mobile phones or laptops. When the iPhone 6 emerged, many ads placed a free offer of an iPhone 6 or iPhone 6 Plus in order to attract people. This is considered as a competitive advantage to the companies. Hence, the products of the technology company are once more useful in enabling businesses to pitch their ideas. References BIBLIOGRAPHY l 1033 Apple. (n.d.). Retrieved March 5, 2015, from Apple: https://www.apple.com/ Eichenwald, K. (2014, June). The Great Smart Phone War; Apple vs. Samsung. Retrieved March 05, 2015, from Vanity Fair. iPhones. (2013, January). Retrieved March 05, 2015, from Apple: https://www.apple.com/iPhones/ iPod. (2011). Retrieved March 05, 2015, from Apple: https://www.apple.com/iPod/ MAC. (2012). Retrieved from Apple: https://www.apple.com/MAC/ Mackie, K. (2011). Analysts:Microsoft Facing Disruptive Competition From Apple and Google. Competion. Source document

Tupac is Alive, Not Dead Essay -- Tupac Shakur 2pac Makaveli

In the same fashion that Elvis defined Rock ‘n’ Roll; Tupac Shakur defined the hip-hop music scene, as we know it today. What made Tupac (also known as 2Pac, or Makaveli) so special were his enormous talent, his on screen friendly looks, and the sense that he was â€Å"real† and talked the talk, while walking the walk. Tupac was born on June 16, 1971, Tupac Amaru Shakur. He was named after Tupac Amaru, the Inca Indian that was sentenced to death by the Spaniards. He was originally from Brooklyn, New York. Tupac spent a lot of time moving around as he was growing up. He was the son of a Black Panther activist Afeni Shakur and Billy Garland. Tupac moved from Harlem, to Baltimore, to Oakland. The constant moving caused Tupac to fit into his new communities by joining gangs, and his lengthy rap sheet was created even before his profalic entry into music and film. He was arrested eight times before even turning twenty (MTV.com).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tupac’s first big break came when he joined the group Digital Underground as a dancer and roadie. During that time, Tupac spent a lot of the time composing his own poetry and lyrics to launch his own career. In 1991 he signed with Interscope records and a year later he released his first album 2Pacalypse Now, which immediately landed him   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   into â€Å"gangster† rap stardom. That year he also starred in Juice with Omar Epps and Samuel L. Jackson. It was the beginning to a bright acting career, which also landed him parts in other urban and African American oriented films such as Poetic Justice (1993), Above the Rim (1994), Bullet (1996), and Gridlock’d (1996). His main notoriety was through music, and he followed up his successful debut with Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z. (1993), which also was a success. In 1995 he released Me Against the World, and in 1996 came All Eyez On Me (Smith 15-18).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Shakur’s post celebrity run-ins with the law were almost as frequents as when he was growing up. In 1992 he was arrested when a stray bullet killed a six-year old child during a scuffle between Shakur and two others. The charges were later dropped. In 1993 Tupac was arrested for allegedly shooting two off duty Butts County Atlanta police officers who were harassing a black motorist, but the charges were again dropped. Ironically one of the officers was shot in the... ...re are many people that believe everything they have to say. For example take Bill Clinton, our own President; he stood up and lied straight to all of us saying he never committed adultery. And then what about Watergate? And we elect these people into office to govern us. I cannot believe the media, they only tell what they get from the government, a system that lies and cheats its way through.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I still believe that he is alive. I believe in all of the evidence that I have suggested that he some how in some way faked his own death. I believe that Tupac, his family and some presumably well-paid, official looking stand- ins have conspired to pull of the ultimate scam. But is it really a scam? A scam to gain what? There is still a multi- million-dollar life insurance policy out there with Tupac’s name on it. It’s been six years and no one has bothered to cash it. I will tell you why. He had a reason to believe that his life was in danger, and he had to do something to take care of it. Besides haven’t you ever been curious about who would show up at your funeral, and who would really be crying? Tupac was curious, but he never had a funeral, so his questions may never be answered

Gender stereo type Essay

Gender stereo type is one of the problems facing gender issues in the world. Women performance in any science or mathematical subject has become wanting. This research paper undertakes to study gender stereotype in classrooms. The performance of mathematics will be looked at. This research paper undertakes to find out gender stereotypes as are in existence in regular classrooms and the conceptions of the same. This is a crucial research question for all students and teachers especially those involved in gender issues. Performance in classroom among women has been affect by the view of women themselves. Gender stereotype has been there for ages especially when the female and male find themselves in the same environment where their abilities are bound to be tested and a classroom is inevitably one of them. Gender stereotype Introduction Mostly ones performance in the classroom determines one’s area of specialization and this researcher set out to establish how gender issues are in relation to the classroom achievements. Women are said to have a preference for arts which are less challenging while men go for the mathematics which is tougher. The division does not end there because men are known to get involved in tough games too like wrestling for their leisure time while their female counterparts go for easy activities like picnics for their recreation time. Gender distinctions in the classroom come along way from the way the boys are brought up knowing that they are cut for the challenging careers – soldiers, pilots scientists while the girls are given the notion that they must always be neat and clean thus they opt for career prospects that can enable them to be’ ladish’ – secretarial jobs, nursing and utmost teaching arts. The war in the classroom is a conspicuous one as the boys openly live out the unnecessary arts and concentrates on the mathematics and science as a way of showing then macho as the tough gender. In a class the popular men are the one’s who have made great achievements like being the football captain or the best athlete while a lady wins by just being smart and showing the classic manners expected of a classic lady and the classroom feats come second or not at all. This research sets out to get an in look to this speculations which have always been there surrounding this subject to establish the truth behind it. The classroom stands out like a tornado that waits to explode and reveal its inner making when put in a stereotype context because the classes components are a people who are striving for a common goal but using different elements to get there – the choices made are done differently depending on the gender of the student in question. At least that is the mindset of most people regarding the classroom and this topic. Statement of the problem. I chose this topic for the research because it directly affects the performance of students and how they relate in regular classrooms. The student’s behavior, performance future ambitions and targets are determined by the perceptions of the gender they belong to. If a student creates a bad perception toward something because of her gender, then the future will be affected. However 3the removal of gender stereotype will set good goals that will create good future targets. There is a relationship between gender stereotypes in performance of some subjects on performance of subjects in class at large. When a student undertakes to create in her mind a mentality of gender stereotypes it becomes hard for him or her learn new things, new concepts, get new challenges, encounter obstacles, learn how to solve problems, learn to be independent and all these will enable to performance level a student to improve. Without gender stereotype a student will be confident and will learn more on his own. Objectives This research on gender stereotype in the classroom is a paper that is meant to clear the air on whether actually there gender related distinctions in the classroom. The extent at which the topic is popular in relation to the classroom will be delved in to and a solid finding brought forward by doing a research study in this institution. Determiners of the presence of the gender divisions shall be sought and the reasons behind these factors will be acknowledged at the end of this paper. The gender stereotype is a wide topic that brings with a list of implications; there is a need to establish whether it’s actually there in the classroom and its significances. This topic has affected the classroom and there is need to know whether positively or negatively. This topic is reference to women widely assumed stand about the arts and mathematics in the classroom, women are said to prefer arts while mathematics are left for men to it as an expression of their masculinity to show their strength. To establish the magnitude of its effect a thorough research would be necessary through interviewing women on their opinions regarding this topic and the end of the case study. This research does not have an objective to discuss feminism in the classroom but its out to establish the gender differences in picking subjects of study at school and go behind the issue to learn why the gender stereotype in the classroom is their and at what depth has it influenced the decisions made in the classroom by women. This research lays down the issues that are there about women and classrooms when it comes to making the choice of subjects they want to study – sciences and arts – with mathematics as the most conspicuous science in question. Research questions. Does gender stereo type really exist in the classroom or is it an assumption that has always been there? What are the causes of the gender distinctions in the classroom? What are the effects of the gender related divisions in the classroom? Is the gender stereotype here to stay in the classroom? Methodology There are two methods of research/ data collection in research papers: that is quantitative and qualitative. Quantitative method is applicable where the problem is known, the problem is based on theories and can be measured in numbers. The analysis can be done on tables, graphs, pie charts, gnat charts and other statistical theories and it relies on assumptions. There are a number of methods which are under quantitative methods. These include surveys, experiments and quasi experiment. Qualitative method is different from quantitative because it is used to measure human feelings, attitude and perception. The data for this research has been obtained from the ten articles forwarded. Key words. Social category, mathematics attitudes and women. A study was done on women, twenty in number with their ages ranging between 20 – 58 years with a mean age of 23 years. Literature review Introduction All the nine studies showed similar results that the personal, attitude of women in the classroom towards academic activities in the areas of arts and mathematics can be affected by gender categories with only one citing completion as the boost to a positive attitude towards mathematics. Gender stereotype Women who were associated with a clear conscious of being female express a greater liking for the arts while those who were associated with the male category did not connect with the arts and went for mathematics. The women’s attitude were based on their preferences and not influenced by other people’s choice. Murphy. M. C. , Steele C. M. and James J. Gross J. J. (2007) in their article they argue that the influence of the social category has not been established and is not is not easier to pin point the extent at which women attitude could change in a stereotype way using the stereotype category. They further argue that it clear that the changes in attitude among women are due to the stereotype reasoning about women’s ability in relation to men’s ability or a combination of both. Guimond S. and lydie Roussel L. (2001) have added that based on gender identity establishment it can equally affect women’s attitude towards mathematics: women who are made aware of their identity preferred arts while the other ones associated with male gender went for mathematics. Their choices were based on their own personal perceptions without an outward influence from other people who had similar perceptions to theirs. Another study was done by measuring the women’s hidden attitude towards arts and mathematics after reminding them of their gender identity or neutral identity. The results still showed that women’s attitude towards arts and mathematics was more stereotype- consistent when they were associated with the category female or the gender identity.