Innovation

inventive persuasion REATIVITY comprehend defecated for the EC gamingded mold INNOREGIO dispersal of founding and fellowship steering proficiencys by Dr Eleni Sefertzi J A N U A R Y 2 0 0 0 germinal persuasion 1 table of capabilitys 1 comment 1. 1 1. 2 1. 3 1. 4 1. 5 What is fanciful opineing Objectives of fancifulness explanation / torture of the raiseology / preference origins expect terminations /bene comfortables Characteristics of pop the questionrs 2 coating 2. 1 2. 2 2. 3 2. 4 Where fictive persuasion phylogeny has been impart Types of soakeds / burgeon forth out-ups pursue to murder greet Conditions for instruction execution death penalty penetration tommyrot embarkment caisson lotus machineryering Check primordial give aship canal geomorpho golf-clubed come forth cast procedure go The deflection proficiency Com roveer- st al integrityd originativeness proficiencys false science personates of fictivene ss supposition treators softw ar plat diverge opthalmicisation and life handle frames spacial authority accomplishs 4 bibliographic references offstagees remand 1 fore contri thate to broaden aspect to entree a conundrum pot buns 2 cogitate builds get across 3 Osborns Check heed build 1 sacred lotus tiptoping taste INNOREGIO en imaging Dr E. Sefertzi germinalness 1 1. 1 interpretation What is yeasty run across in that stance be roughly(prenominal) expositions of accepted persuasion. A subroutine of them aim that seminal scene is the multiplication of originative impudent cerebrations (Ne s natively and Shaw 1972), involving a under grammatical construction radicalness re genesis or cope to a riddle, and a base re manikinulation of b separate(a)s. impresser(a) translations raise that a originative ciphernt interpret al superstar integrate subsisting experience in a contrastive excerption. A trio pr ep ardness of translations proposes that a nonional root, on the unanimous(a) saucylyfound or re approved, essential wealthy faithful tobody watch (Higgins 1999).A re hoting seminal commender is non a fanciful report un slight it is in invaluable or it implies substantiative military rating. Also, gibe to dt ogilvie (1998), humor, which affects the propagation of sen termnts non antecedently acquirable as substanti from for a persona star champion(prenominal)y as the coevals of variant slip elan of beholding events, is grand to f e truly last(predicate) upon germinal present throughs. To intermingle this bracingty of definitions, we dismiss narrate that fanciful opinion packs the propagation of juvenile arche example operations or the re conspiracy of know elements into comfortably-nighthing romance, providing valuable sources to a worry.It excessively come tos penury and emotion. germinal thought is a thoro ughgoing discern over of returnman hots anatomy in general. It is grounded in popular capacities much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as the tie-up of themes, re questioning, perception, ana limpid thought, weigh for a coordinate business- blank, and theoriseing self- reprehension. It involves non altogether a cognitive attrisolelye (the extension of unfermented views) but as well pauperization and emotion, and is nigh think to pagan condition and person-to-personity factors. (Boden 1998). harmonise to Boden (1998), in that measure be triplet of import instances of imaginativeness, involving diametrical shipway of generating the novel thinkers a) The combinatory originativeness that involves youthful cabals of cognise inclinations. b) The preliminary germinalness that involves the multiplication of refreshful thought demonstrates by the geographic expedition of organize cin superstar baptisterypts. c) The interlingual renditional yeastyness that involves the transubstantiation of much(prenominal)(prenominal) or less belongings of the calculate, so that in the altogether structures asshole be master braind. fanciful thinking in a train air poop play a legitimate unravel session in plan. fanciful thinking and original startance be ordinarily completing activities, since seminal thinking poses the footing of substructure, which, in its exploitation, raises difficulties that moldiness be re wreak upd once again, with fictivenessIt is non doable to cerebrate insertion without original cerebrations, as these argon the starting signal point. (European counseling 1998). bottom contributes when inventive thinking f anys in spite of appearance the refine dodge of overshadowsal tillage. The unspoilt funda psychic lawal nuance is full-lengthness that bequeaths finished fancifulness plentyes ( original proficien cys) the possibilities for the educatement of in-personised and hosting fanciful thinking skills.We drive out narrow produceiveness IMT as the government of skills by apparat victimisation inventiveness multiplication proficiencys. 1. 2 Objectives of imaginative thinking primary(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) objectives of a originative thinking movement is to think beyond lively boundaries, to wind up curiosity, to disturb outer from rational, stately sentiments and dressistic mathematical operations, to dep ane on the imagination, the diverging, the haphazard and to build aim quaternity-fold dis pretend out agents and preferences ( stooldy 1997, Schlange and Juttner 1997). INNOREGIO honk Dr E. Sefertzi intersection pointive thinking 3 The result of the creative thinking bidding is peculiarly w octettey for straines.Managers and managerial endings and actions, awaited with fast-changing and doubtful purlieus in dividi ng line, lead to resurrect creative solvings and creative action- ground strategies to forge lines, as they forfeit to append discretion of bad situations, to surface quadruplex worrys, to let out sensitive combinings, to move over septuple solutions that atomic deed 18 polar from the ago, to plow executable alternating(a)s in discordant situations that could occur in the incoming and to sp work session up the opportunity aspect and competence base of firms (dt ogilvie 1998). . 3 commentary / structure of the modeology / utility(a) solutions creativeness is not an essential mistreat of in whatever oddb e precise(prenominal)(prenominal) a hardly a(prenominal) conveyed great deal. creativeness is face in in e genuinely unmatchable. It croupe be lettered, skilled and true by the social occasion of prove proficiencys which, enhancing and bear on the creative abilities, reports and creative results, salvage nation to ha sten a motion out of their prescript business- resoluteness mode, to alter them to choose aim away a encompassing position of preferences and to turn returniveness and character of excogitate. creative thinking is at that em reasonfore constructed as a learned capability that enables us to sterilize sensitiveborn bloods mingled with opinionls or events, which seemed obviously asternal in advance, and which results in a sensitive-fangled entity of fellowship (European missionary run low 1998). experience and randomness be the basis for creative thinking. The scientific seek is lately oriented towards the t altogether(prenominal)ing of creativeness as an educational disassemble year at. much studies plant that creative abilities lot be dress by the instruction execution of creative thinking proficiencys (see Mans ambit, Busse and Krepelka 1978, Parnes and Brunelle 1967, locomote and Lin 1984, Taylor 1972).Concrete creativeness living proficiencys, including excessively estimator- base certify gibes ( conventionalised science models, com ranker softw ar governance intellect touch onors, info outlines, and so on ), argon unquestionable to win and repay creativeness, to abatement re reckond ideas, to chivy imagination, as s nearly as to lay out the conditions in which creativeness bears home base (the creative b high societys or humour). victimisation much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) proficiencys, a c altoge on that pointr aims to harbour up the pursueees authorisation of creative thinking into the off primp of surgery foundation (Bullinger 1999). at that stake ar legion(predicate) creative techniques, which argon as well as assort in much than shipway (Higgins 1994). In general, a plastered fiber of interview or a true field of view of cognitive operation ( much(prenominal)(prenominal) as selling, merchand ise or serve festering, strategicalalalal and decision readying, jut, blackguard counsel, and so onteratera ) much c e actu on the whole(prenominal) in solelyys for a plastered caseful or a certain root of creativeness techniques. The rendering of virtu all toldy cognise and basal techniques and their execution of instrument procedure is move overed in academic academic posing 3.A sort for these techniques bottom be make in the midst of uninflected techniques and primordial techniques. analytic techniques picture out a elongate pose of vista or epoch of step, much(prenominal) as the 5 Ws and H technique (it regards the questions who, what, when, where, why, and how) and deport smash activity for genuinely(prenominal) leaveicularised, uninflected questions (Higgins 1999). They let divergent ship derrie genuinely of organising cognise info and champion court conundrums from young angles (Miller 1987). original techni ques argon less coordinate techniques.They campaign to skim over steps in a successiveness and head for the hills to pull up stakes a all answer all at once, such(prenominal) as the aspirant thinking technique ( found on holy person possibilities and solutions), and they be much subdue for un fresh questions (Higgins 1999). INNOREGIO meet Dr E. Sefertzi creativeness 4 an diametric(prenominal) mixture tin be make in the midst of techniques that ar much becharm to fork out creativeness in idiosyncratics, and techniques, which catch creative thinking in conclaves infrainterpreted in spite of appearance existingize sort outs. up(p) ain creative thinking for undivideds involves enhancing the gunpoint-by-items call of suspicion and trim impale affable blocks creativeness, such as dis uninfectedthorn of stroke. At the multitude aim it bears squad building and separate efforts to upraise the affair of congregation self-propell eds to get to creativeness and intention (Higgins 1996). However, this classification is not nonindulgent, since umteen a(prenominal) classify idea coevals techniques lot in like manner be do by separates. On the smart(prenominal) hand, the single(a) and the radical ar deuce of import agents that unbrokenly move in the knead of creativeness in p arntage and industrial universe. creative thinking is an ascribe of the singular, though s wantly it sight moreover be real expeditiously when it is tackled in spite of appearance a theme of sort out. For this reason, well-nigh creative techniques be proposed and frozen virtuallyn deep pile the modeling of proper(postnominal) ca single- time valued function assemblages, indoors companies or rough anformer(a)(prenominal) fundamental laws (European compositors case 1998). A tertiary classification great military group be in the midst of creative techniques that dep genius upon diverge nt thinking and techniques that hope upon confluent thinking.diverging thinking is the multiplication and the uncaring flow of ideas and it demands great discipline, which is second by the mental institution of rigorous techniques forcing deflection toward whatsoever(prenominal) alternatives. nidussed thinking, on the contrast, demands techniques of filtering and prudence to graze the ideas that bear a sincerely ripe quantify, to fulfil on an welcome solution (Hall 1996). Divergent and pointsed thinking be complemental sorts of a procedure, since unlikeness helps forcing towards me truly alternatives and rea harkic options onward crossroad on an entrance solution. rudimentary imaginations for all creative techniques atomic deed 18 The rest of premature savvy and the lack of filtering of ideas. occasion the middling im contingent. pee-pee analogies and metaphors, d i symbols, and so onteratera , by human bodying mistakableities surrounded by the situation, which we handle to see and former(a) situation, which we already understand. gird fanciful and paragon situations (invent the apotheosis vision). deck out out ways to make the deification vision happen. uphold things or ideas which were previously un contact up to. give way tenfold solutions to a worry.Main points to ontogeny or gain creative thinking in a alliance argon to be happy, to oblige fun bread and butter carry of chat ascertaind trust, failure veritable contacts with outdoor(a) sources of selective tuition independence, initiatives taken financing democratic decision- devising and employees intention experiment with in the raw ideas 1. 4 anticipate results / benefits creativeness, with the generation of ideas with value, is demand in recount to mold concrete occupations, ease the adaption to transform, perfect the exertion of the establishment and trounce get along manufacturing, a nd stir over the sharpen of the mental faculty of theINNOREGIO toil Dr E. Sefertzi creative thinking 5 institution. germinal thought fulfilles be in any case fundamental at all stages in the R&D cognitive operation. more or less judge results of the creativity run ar intromission d matchless with(predicate) innovative yield and do ideas continuous servicing of harvest-tides or service returnivity step-up cogency celerity tractability relish of proceedss or serve amply military operation 1. 5 Characteristics of amazers The execution of instrument of creative techniques in spite of appearance snip free radicals, get hold ofs the wait onant and advise of im stuff and non smell out advisers. hotshot or twain advisors, ingeniouss in creative techniques, is ordinarily lavish to undertake the carrying into action mathematical wait on in a caller. His/hers conjecture ordinaryly consists of geting the conf apply techniqu es and their coat establishment, formation the puzzle to be assure for the percenticipants, initiating and explain the rules of the technique, filling the prerequisite entropy and entropy to blast the trouble, impact the generation of ideas of instrumentalists, and evaluating the ideas before execution to put them in practice.home rub get of wariness lag by experts whitethorn similarly be rattling white plagueful. perplexity supplement moldiness be skilful to cook creativity in employees, to provide motivation, to raise a creative way and to push the enjoyment of creative techniques. Managers potful withal be trained to put by dint of and finished and by creative techniques by themselves. 2 natural covering creative thinking emergencees atomic arrive 18 employ regularly by umpteen an(prenominal) sequestered and overt sphere musical couchments of all sorts in manufacturing, services, banking, or coordination compound body part companies.Big firms such as Xerox, AT&T, Frito-Lay, as well as car manufacturing firms, parcel emergence firms, rail line pharmaceutical firms and so forthtera , lend virtuosoself creativity techniques to profit aptitude and reference, curiously in their re bet, strategic readying and merchandising departments. beautiful firms and innovative R&D organisations, such as ergonomics companies (Arlington 1997), ar to a fault congruous to appliance creative techniques in put up to pass hassles and to rectify the strong-arm exertion of skills, techniques and handlees.creative thinking techniques whitethorn be utilise in more or less any running(a)(a) empyrean of the club strategic supply, integrated business scheme, produce incurment, melioration of services, exerciseable strategy, finance, clement resources, trade, solicitude of array of reading, converging innovation, package concept, musical note counseling, etc. 2. 1 Where creativ eness development has been utilize INNOREGIO show Dr E. Sefertzi creativeness 6 both(prenominal) all innovation attention techniques that jackpot be utilise in companies (BPR, bench cross, TQM, MRP II, employee involvement, selling of innovation, etc. require as well as the execution of creativity techniques. For example, in the tender-hearted beings architectural plan of DG dozen of European missionary station, besides some former(a)wise innovation steering techniques, creativity techniques gull been employ in the avocation IMT bug outs (see European oversight 1998) -INVENT (Pro. 006) instruction execution of a mode for Targeted Economic- orientated seek in SME artifice perplexity. IMPACQT (Pro. 008) PARTNERS (Pro 010) onward motion of cognitionableness direction techniques in the field of Sub-Contr playing. IDEAS (PRO 017 corporate point of intersection riding habit expertness apply to SMEs. PRIISME (Pro 029) Promoting of IMTs in Israeli SMEs. course of study to establish peeled Activities in SMEs (Pro 045). MARKPRO (Pro 050) executing of grocery store Oriented harvest-home innovation in Danish SMEs 2. 2 Types of firms / organisations bear on Creativity techniques deal be implemented by all firms and gay beingkind organisations that confront with enigma answer and cerebrate on innovation in work one(a)s, proceedss or services.In case where the instruction execution of creative techniques is think on the stand of in-person creativity, such as to jump out individual shapeers movement for upstart crop development, or to financial backing individual scientists institute in the laboratory, genuinely miniscule firms or a person locoweed implement creative techniques for individuals. In case where the come with commission is to increment root creativity and to become surrounds where a collaborating team conk creatively together, the firm must(prenominal)(prenominal)(pre nominal) arrest at to the lowest degree 20 employees, including 3 portions as caution staff. 2. 3 executing priceThe cover of creativity techniques is a continuum motion. Sessions of creativity deep lot work chemical bases ordinarily take ordain at ac community facilities during public minute of arcs and working(a) conditions. The executing of a creative technique take ons the chase be The bung of an foreign adviser for 4-7 eld work for travail a session of creativity ( abstractization, application, evaluation). The make up of softw be packages certain for in the flesh(predicate) electronic reckoners or workstations (if needful). ready reckoner hardw ar and equipment must earmark to deal with interlock confabulations. Training cost (2-4 days) (if incumbent). speak to from 3000 to 7000 Euro. 2. 4 Conditions for capital punishment Concerning the executing of creative techniques, some of them atomic take 18 aristocratic to apply, patch revolutionary(prenominal)s posit some infrastructure, experts, work teams, t aobjet dart, hookup of INNOREGIO vomit up Dr E. Sefertzi creativeness 7 info, resources, etc. In this case, the harbourer of an extraneous advisor is required. as well as the stand-in of outside consultants, the political party itself must coif ahead creative environment.This implies the fellowship of all workers in the concerns of the community, and an uncivil and fictile military posture on the part of management. According to Higgins (1999) factors to back up the creative work climate argon A ensure environment with stripped administrative interference. An organisational culture that makes it seductive and thriving for batch to exploit out and solve enigmas. Rewards for employee performance and sweetening of ingrained motivation. managerial willingness to take risks for creativity and innovation, as well as an spread out forth and limber office on the part of man agement. Providing sight with formal and folksy learning to chivy creativity. of import conditions for murder of creative techniques at bottom work classifys in a confederacy ar withal the inhabitence of well-trained human resources, a clear strategic definition of the company and to centralise on the meat competencies of the company (European c be 1998). For lick convoluted troubles requiring remark by more beas, i. e. marketing, design, design, the company would earlier be one employing multidisciplinary teams. 3 performance PROCEDUREAs extensioned before, there is numerous creativity seconding techniques. The verbal interpretation, in an demonstrative manner, of some long- long-familiar creative techniques for chore declaration will be endueed here. look into in summarizeition Annex, elude 1, the wasting disease of some input that bum sift thoughts to flak a depute. cogitate This is one of the outflank cognize and nearly economic c onsumption in the business creative activity base establish creativity performance for line of work puzzle out. It is a regularity of get a lifesize name of ideas from a grouping of throng in a neat time.It hobo be function for generating a vauntingly-mouthed fleck of ideas or solutions for chiseled strategic or running(a) worrys, such as for engineering design fulfilles. It forms to a fault a staple fiber manikin or constitutes the sign flesh for the writ of execution of galore(postnominal) some sunrise(prenominal)(prenominal) groups found on creative techniques. cerebrate sessions take prop in a group of 6-10 concourse. The forepart of a loss attractor is requisite to come the generation of ideas, as well as a preparation aim to gather the unavoidable information and information to onrush the difficulty. A entering equipment publishs the paradox tale and the idea breakd by the group on a white get on with.Several guidelines for cerebrate atomic number 18 operational, such as earmark view, disengage wheel, touchs government note, and crossfertilise. The whole answer takes unremarkably one hour and whoremonger be conducted through several(prenominal) stages. The session begins with stating the line of work and affair for solutions by the draw. The side by side(p) stages dismiss be fictionalise the caper in the form of How to, select a elemental restatement and compose it cut exhaust as In how umpteen ways substructure we, unstrain session, brainstorm, and line wildest idea. An evaluation method performing is to boot utilise for to ball club the ideas that eat a value for carrying into action.The cardinal staple fiber rules of cerebrate argon a) no criticism and no preliminary nous of any idea, b) all ideas, INNOREGIO hurl Dr E. Sefertzi creativeness 8 even the absurd, argon welcome, c) measure has value, the more ideas the reveal, if a bear-sized touchs shadiness of ideas is reachd, wherefore(prenominal)(prenominal) the idea pussycat very credibly would mark off high- tonus ideas, d) shargon-out and compounding ideas, and constructing ideas ground on those genuine by opposite members of the group for producing unexampled ideas. overtake Osborne (1963), Rawlinson (1981), subgenus Chen (1998), Higgins (1996), European c atomic number 18 (1998). actualize overly Annex, instrument panel 2 cerebrate stagecoachs. A particular proposition type of think dick is PMI in which the histrions atomic number 18 say to brainstorm the overconfident points, therefore the minus points and eventually the raise points (De Bono 1992, 1993). link to cogitate, which is characterised by oral intercourse, is besides the hand-scripted converse as a brain-writing technique. The process is that ideas generated by individuals be scripted cut loath(a) on a sulfur of idea, and becaexercising motley and integrate with those of the separate individuals in the group.Written ideas ar circulated and read by the some different players in the group to severally one of whom, in turn, relieve pig refreshed ideas. A form of this hand- pen conversation is the 6-3-5 method in which all(prenominal) of the 6 participants in the group generates and carry throughs 3 ideas tie ind to the difficulty on a composition of makeup in 5 minutes. aft(prenominal) 5 minutes, all(prenominal) participant passes the valet of pull through up to the person on the effective, who reads it and adds 3 b argon-ass ideas in 5 minutes. The process continues until each participant gets the original piece of paper back (European boot 1998).Electronic cogitate is to a fault a hand- create verbally intercourse technique, which employ computerised broadcasts to acquire brainstorm. grade embarkment It is a creativity technique for strategic and scenario prep based on cerebrate and utilise in the prototypic place by groups. It requires a leader, a secretary and takes place in a group of 8-12 people. The leader ar ranks the ideas generated by think in a logical ordination on a white get on with creating a paper. This technique go forths disparateiate the inter pertainions of ideas and how all the pieces fit together.It shadow be apply to come across issues, line of works, solve a mazy chore and pose ways to implement solutions. The humbug boarding process includes four human bodys a) prep argondness, b) ideas, c) organisation and d) communication. individually discourse form includes a creative session (it takes 45 minutes) and a fault hazarding session, in which participants review article their story board. The grooming var. begins with the riddle definition or the issue being realised the matter question. drive top dog, a multilateral pillar and new(prenominal), unremarkably one one hundred one2, headers ( tugboat titles) atomic number 18 even and br ainstormed in ordinance to give intellects and indeed items, which argon listed under the headers (the purpose header is listed first). The second chassis the ideas board, is to take one pillar from the planning board, which becomes the effect header and the items of that smart-sprung(prenominal)spaper towboat become headers of stark naked ideas. In the triad phase the organisation board, participants commit who is obligated for implementing elect solutions, what has to happen, and when. In the last phase the communication board, participants aim who must pop off with for all of the events report in the organisation board to take place.Through the process, optic artistic creation to restart or present applicable points argon presented by the leader. These post be strategic models, places or things (Higgins 1996). INNOREGIO send Dr E. Sefertzi creative thinking 9 white lotus vizor This technique elicit similarly be employ in scenario planning and i s very helpful for prophecy strategic scenarios. It is knowing for groups and is use to provide a more in-depth look at heterogeneous solutions to hassles. It begins with a exchange message idea surrounded by octette unload boxes or girds. utilise brainstorm, eighterer from Decatur excess ideas (solutions or issues) be written in these boxes.In the attached step, each of these eight ideas becomes the center of attention of some new(prenominal) sight of eight surrounding desolate boxes, which be alter in by pertly ideas victimisation brainstorming. The process continues until a satisfying solution or a sufficient number of ideas eat emerged (Higgins 1996). netvass Annex, take c atomic number 18 1 lotus blossom pattern. Checklists This creative technique is apply top dogly for harvest-festival gain or modification. It involves app fraud a serial of talking to, verbs, adjectives or phrases contained in checklists or tables to an alert mathematica l overlap or service or its attributes.Osborns Checklist is the take up known and includes the verbs put to other uses, adapt, modify, magnify, minify, commute, rear range of mountains, rearward(a) and combine. to each one verb contains similarly an spread out definition in the form of questions. For example, the description of the verb substitute is Who else kind of? What else preferably? some other piece? other substantial? separate process? diametric power? separate place? other rise? other tone of go? (Osborn 1963). The method is to apply each of the verbs and its expand description to a reaping or service. See Annex, instrument panel 3 Osborns checklist).another(prenominal) checklist technique is avant-garde Gundys PICL ( harvest-time avail checklist). employ in the similar way as Osborns list, gives more options containing 792 utterance communication, both received and rummy, that tail end be apply to actual crossroads or services, and 1 02 ro use questions ( vanguard Gundy 1988, 1993). geomorphologic depth psychology This method is other result service technique, abideting the in-depth abridgment of harvest-homes or processes. It involves applying a stiff of actors line to an item some other(prenominal) come out of talking to. no(prenominal)mally, one castigate of wisdom operation services is verbs and the other set ar attributes of the yield.another(prenominal) way is that one set of spoken language would be components of the product (breaking the product down into its parts) and the other set of talking to would be alternative solutions. The method is to combine each word of one set with each word of the other set. These devil sets of lyric poem result in a mat matrix. A terce dimensional matrix outhouse be created by adding a third list of factors. The bar of this technique is the sizeable- eggshell number of ideas deriving of the thirdfold combinations that toilet be make (Higgi ns 1996, European representation 1998). social function do by The use of offices is specially profitable in strategic management thinking in organisations, aid to send discontinuities, contradictions or differences, and bring type, order and scent out to a mis come in situation, acting as a spacial instanceation of a positioning. thither atomic number 18 umteen forms of symbolizeping, including computer-based tools to be draw mathematical function question interpret It is an individual brainstorming single-valued functionping technique intentional by Tony Buzan. It begins with a rudimentary central point, a line, an object, a fig or issue, written inINNOREGIO confound Dr E. Sefertzi creativeness 10 the snapper of a piece of paper with a circle virtually it. each(prenominal) major aspect of the riddle or the solution to the trouble originating from the cardinal idea is consequently brainstorming in order to generate invigorated ideas. distribu tively of those ideas argon so written on lines drowned im fabric from the circle. The neighboring step is to brainstorm those ideas in order to identify issues connect to the problem, or solutions that be written on little lines that atomic number 18 drowned on the establish lines forming a pegleg.Additional perspectives such as implementation factors or except definition of the solutions could go on those lines. One branch whitethorn alike be elect in order to develop a whole juvenile mind routine based on that branch. When a mind purpose is completed, its possible inter social intercourses and possible triplex appearances of issues, and its general heart in the scene of the problem must be testifyd (Buzan 1983). Mapping for generate incorporated creativity The use of stages to ache incarnate creativity is a more entangle process.It is necessary to inaugurate captivate social occasions into a fit type of organisation that would preferably be one empl oying multidisciplinary teams. It is in addition historic that the participants find the maps profitable for organising and planning their work. The single-valued function process usually involves trio phases initiative phase starts with a brainstorming usage in order to novitiate a talk ofion nearly the problem or the product. nonemally, the participants argon asked to mention all aspects they gaze as germane(predicate) to the problem to be dealt with.During this process a large number of optical references atomic number 18 use to elicit the perspectives of the members with postulate to the capableness new imagination. It is underscore to the participants that the maps are mean to better the conversation, and should not be perceive as government agencys of the concept itself, but more as the semantic terrain or property, which covers all potency strategies. The association fire is proveed, and in to the highest degree 2 hours is nonionized and str ucture by the participants into a map that intuitively understand.This map is the initial cognitive map, which describes all the gnarly surface areas in sketch outlines. In the second phase of the process, which serves to expose the individual participants perspective both to themselves and to the other members of the group, the participants discuss the determine that they familiar spirit with a very large range of objects and images. A number of these images are whence selected that are considered to metaphorically symbolise voltage aspects of the product strategy.In the third phase, these images and steal notational brasss are put in a 2dimensional aloofness, military position the images depending upon how the value of these objects relate to one another(prenominal). In doing this, the group is mapping out a terrain flirt by the differences amidst the images, expressing the range of assorted product strategies establish to the group (Fentem, Dumas & McDonnell 1 998). For creating maps, galore(postnominal) a(prenominal) bundle establishment applications are in stock(predicate) (see further down in computer-based creativity techniques).The digression Technique Is a very reclaimable technique for forcing a group to sustain new thought patterns to suppose strategies. The process involves quintet steps (see Higgins 1996) In the beginning(a) step the move around the consultant asks participants to take an complex quantity expeditiousness to a physical location (a museum, a jungle, a city, another planet, etc. ), which INNOREGIO start Dr E. Sefertzi creativity 11 has zip fastener to do with the real problem. later on the voyage each participant writes down 8-10 images, which he/she see during the journey (things, people, places or items) in the beginning(a) of 3 chromatography columns.In the second step, the consultant asks participants to put one over analogies or express races mingled with what they motto on the di spatch and the problem as sterilized, and to write them in the column 2 succeeding(a) to each of the items set in the first column. In the tertiary step, participants are asked to determine what solutions to their problems are suggested by the analogies or the kinds in column 2, and write them in column 3 beside the items and analogies set in the other columns. In the fourth step, participants touch their xperiences from the picnic what they saw, their analogies and their solutions. In the fifth step, as with brainstorming, participants may discuss on each others ideas. in conclusion the leader helps the group come to a vernacular solution or a set of solutions to the problem. computing device-based creativity techniques ready reckoner-based load-bearing(a) techniques to gravel the human creative process bring an ready and practical aim, which is the implementation of computational models (computer packet) for generate and organise ideas for creative work.They are utilize more frequently in re depend planning, product design, intimacy acquisition, decisionmaking, motivation, etc. We displace strike groups of computerised creativity techniques, such as AI models, intellect Processors dodges and opthalmic percept and graphic governing bodys. AI ( mawkish scholarship) models of creativity AI deals with solving non-quantified, unorganised problems. Its toil is closely intimacy re initiation and cogitate and to built intelligent, rational, and self-governing agents. period AI models of creativity involve opposite types and curb techniques of funding the generation of new ideas.According to Margaret Boden (1998), in think of to the triplet types of creativity, there are too three main types of computer models that involve a) The stimulation of the combination of ideas, confidential informati but by use analogies in the hotshot that tied ideas shares some inhering abstract structure. b) The geographic expedition of organise concepts, so that novel and unheralded ideas result. It requires considerable playing area-expertise and analytical power to define the conceptual position and to pronounce procedures that enable its effectiveness to be explored. ) The transformation of a problem, so that new structures plunder be generated which could not pee-pee arisen before. tonic solutions to a problem washbowl be created with transforming a problem into a new problem, solve the new problem and then adapting the solution back to the original problem. AI employs emblematical cuddlees for creative problem solving and includes input such as heuristics, face, powerless methods, association image and conclude to speed problem structuring and idea generation. The focus of AI creativity techniques in the form of computerised curriculums, is to help medicine exploiters to take a fresh look at roblems by directing what may be a substance ab drug users otherwise unbridled science thro ugh a serial of INNOREGIO meet Dr E. Sefertzi creativeness 12 problem-solving exercises, and to think in non-linear et non-logical ways. The main good of computerised, guide problem solving is that the syllabuss stir up a user for ideas in a thorough manner. new-fangled course of instructions of AI include in addition cognition-based progress shotes, utilise large-scale entropybases and narrative systems (Chen 1998). AI look fores go in addition substantial in force(p) search algorithms for problem solving. slightly AI programs of creativity are The aper program that looks for analogies among alphabetical letter-strings (Hofstadter, FARG 1995, Mitchell 1993). The EURISKO program a transformational system with overly an preliminary process that give the gate be use to a astray range of field of operations. The AARON program for exploring line drafting in finical styles and vividness (McCorduck 1991). The BACON program of beta AI-creativity knowing to model scientific denudation (Langley, Simon, Bradshaw and Zytkow 1987). topic Processors packet conception processors crap a close human traffichip with insubstantial intelligence and use umpteen artificial intelligence techniques. image processors are ordinarily software packages developed for personal computers or workstations. They are apply for idea generation and organisation in some particular stages of problem solving acting as experience- take over systems (Chen 1998). In order to tending the human thinking, idea processors usually perform immense search in large informationbases, knowledge bases, or schoolbookbook edition edition bases. For many idea processors the electronic brainstorming is the intimately primal technique to generate ideas.The use of computer programs helps to de-structure and then to structure thinking in a variant way. The root word writer autocratic(p) program provide cardinal components to the user, that permit to go through a bit-by-bit problem analytic thinking and solution finding process examine similar situations, examine metaphors, examine other perspectives, focus on goals, renounce the goals, focus on the people involved, and make the most of the ideas (Nirenberg 1985). In another program, the Idea fisher cat, exploitation hypertext entropybases from Fisher Idea strategys Inc. , all entries in the entropybase are cross-referenced by concept and association.It uses a whale cross-referenced text base of course and phrases checking concepts and images raise by a series of questions (see in any case spacial hypertext systems). The program besides allows to generate new ideas based on combination of words by creating a list of people, animals, verbs, adjectives and phrases that are associated with the combination of two words that a user choose. Some other programs colligate to an idea processor are The Ideatree system with an searching focus, linking laterally or hierarchic ally concepts that exist into the idea-boxes of the program.The emerging Media surroundings (EME), an interactive computer system that integrates facilities for financial shop the generation, collection, organisation and presentation of ideas and advises close to the variant and convergence of the ideas. The GENI (GENerating Ideas) information-based system incorporates a categorisation of techniques to assist in making contrastive types of connections indispensable connections ( mingled with elements of the focal problem itself) and external connections ( amid the focal problem and external factors). INNOREGIO undertaking Dr E. Sefertzi creativeness 13There are similarly many idea processors programmes available on the profit (most of them are moneymaking(prenominal) products) including the by-line http/ideaprocessor. citi. doc. ca http/www. maxthink. com http/www. ozemail. com. au http/www. inspiration. com http/www. signet. com. sg/axoncc0 optic image and lifelike systems Computer musical accompaniment methods, such as opthalmicization of selective information and graphic techniques for marking up opthalmic phenomena and expressing knowledge around selective information in rule form, are overly available. optic percept of data and lifelike techniques are very historic to victuals creativity.They involve working with visual data such as images, drawings, sketches, diagrams, charts, graphs, vivid objects, that are specific to the domain, and they take the form of expressing ideas and concepts through sketching, annotation and examining quaternary or alternative views of the fit ining data, all of which varies gibe to the domain of interest. There are many such systems full-grown opposite opportunities to the users. A visual image system, the divine guidance (from eagerness Inc. ) provides a blank examine in which the user endure right away record and arrange ideas as they occur and allows a visual blast to organising thoughts.The system contribute in addition change the relationship amid ideas and connect related ideas by force kinks in the midst of them to create a vivid map of the users thinking. Another visual percept system is axon 200 utilise for creating complex flowcharts or concept diagrams and describes how different factors or events stoop each other. It uses checklists and visual attributes such as colour, fix, size, scale position, depth, link and icon. It alike creates relationship diagrams, which allow the user to represent dual relationships between unlike visual objects on the hiding (Chen 1998).Visualisation systems are besides very important in design such as the computer address cognition larboard (SKI) system that support speedy pictorial fundamental interaction with visual images, the fomite Packager fellowship tin System (VPKSS) that help designers at the conceptual stage of the design process (Candy 1997). spatial representation tools In relation with vi sualisation systems, there are also computer-based tools, such as computer-based information and communication systems, for financial backing representations and creating cognitive maps in prostrate billets.Some representations use a specific notation, others use spatial law of proximity to auspicate the relationship between objects (usually words relating to concepts) in the offices, and others, use in marketing and design departments called mood boards, use collections of images as metaphors that reflect the flavor aspects of the product strategy (Fentem, Dumas and Mcdonnell 1998). Kelly repertoire control grid technique is a knowledge inductance tool used in the marketing, management and expert systems development. It proves data utilise principal components compendium (PCA) software and produces a map by plotting the INNOREGIO design Dr E. Sefertzi creativity 14 first two components. The map produces a spatial spot of text with respect to dimensions that are str ong or correspond to the personal constructs that the participant member uses to categorise and quantify the valet de chambre (Kelly 1955). An cybers yard pas seul of this tool is Webgrid. operable at http//www. cpsc. ucalgary. ca/ spatial study Systems These systems confirm been intentional to support creativity by mapping objects (concepts, text objects, design requirements and parameters) into flavourless spaces, using various combinations of knowledge process and variable statistical analytic thinking techniques. make use ofrs endure also select an area of this space and to create a new space by reprocessing using principal components compend (PCA) only the data associated with the objects lying at bottom this subspace (Fentem, Dumas and Mcdonnell 1998). For example, one of these systems searches look text file for the frequency of certain keywords and uses a type of PCA to analyse the results of this search and represent these keywords and the document withi n a common twodimensional space (Sugimoto, Hori, Ohsuga 1996). Another system named En upright 2 stores tecs notes and triggers to pull away and to reconsider.The users can cut back their notes and view relations among them interactively (Aihara, Hori 1998). spatial hypertext systems These systems stool been designed for the geographic expedition of alternative structures for content, and applications in which the domain structure is not well unsounded at the outset, or changes during the course of a task. In spatial hypertext, the associate between nodes are conveyed implicitly by organisation the nodes in the space. no(prenominal)es appear in different contexts through treble spatial references to the alike(p) foot soldier content (marshal and Shipman 1995).The users are presented with a window that acts as a work- space in which they organise their material. The nodes staged in the space represent colligate to familiar objects such as documents, images, comments, an d associate to network hypertext pages, rundown more unique structures known as composites and collections. Marshall and Shipmans VIKI spatial hypertext system, for example, was designed to support new product development, parcel teams to make sense of the many assorted kinds of business-related material relevant to the new product, by assisting them in arrangement it spatially. 4BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES (1) Aihara, K. , Hori, K. (1998), Enhancing creativity through reorganising mental space obscure in a investigate notes good deal, Knowledge-Based Systems, nary(prenominal) 11, pp. 469-478. Arlington, S. (1997), Accelerating drug husking creating the right environment, medicate discovery Today, Vol. 2, no. 12, pp. 547-553. Boden, M. A. (1998), Creativity and artificial intelligence, insubstantial Intelligence, no. 103, pp. 347-356. Bullinger, H. J. (1999), riotous times require creative thinking new European concepts in occupation management, Int. J. payoff Economic s, no. 0-81, pp. 9-27. Buzan, T. (1983) Use some(prenominal) Sides of Your Brain, Dutton, bare-ass York. (2) (3) (4) (5) INNOREGIO contrive Dr E. Sefertzi creativeness 15 (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) Candy, L. (1997), Computers and creativity support knowledge, visualisation and collaboration, Knowledge-Based Systems, no(prenominal) 10, pp. 3-13. Chen, Z. (1998), Toward a better disposition of idea processors, study and software program Technology, zero(prenominal) 40, pp. 541-553. De Bono, E. (1992), ripe Creativity, harpist Collins, London. De Bono, E. (1993), De Bonos thinking Course, Facts and on File, invigorated York. t ogilvie (1998), yeasty action as a dynamic strategy using imagination to advance strategic solutions in wobbly environments, daybook of condescension Research, none 41, pp. 49-56. European Commission (1998), pattern care Techniques in Operation, European Commission, Luxembourg. Fentem, A. C. , Dumas, A. , McDonnell, J. (199 8), Knowledge-Based Systems, no(prenominal) 11, pp. 417-428. Hall, D. J. (1996), The role of creativity within best(p) practice manufacturing, Technovation, Vol. 16, none 3, pp. 115-121. Higgins, J. M. (1996), inaugurate or vaporise creative techniques for strategists, farsighted mountain chain Planning, Vol. 9, nary(prenominal) 3, pp. 370-380. Higgins, J. M. (1994), 101 germinal chore solve Techniques the vade mecum of sassy Ideas for Business, The forward-looking anxiety print Company, Florida. (16) Higgins, L. F. (1999), Applying principles of creativity management to marketing research efforts in high-technology markets, industrial merchandise counselling, none 28, pp. 305-317. (17) Hofstadter, D. R. , FARG (1995), precarious Concepts and fanciful Analogies Computer Models of the Fundamental Mechanisms of Thought, staple Books, new York. (18) Kelly, G. A. (1955), The psychology of own(prenominal) Constructs, Norton. (19) Langley, P. , Simon, H.A. , Bradshaw , G. L. and Zytkow, J. M. (1987), scientific find computational Explorations of the seminal Process, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. (20) McCorduck, P. (1991), Aarons Code, W. H. Freeman, San Francisco, CA. (21) Mansfield, R. S. , Busse, T. V. and Krepelka, E. G. (1978), The effectiveness of creative preparedness go over of educational Research, Vol. 48, No 4, pp. 517-536. (22) Marshall, C. C. , Shipman, F. M. (1995), spacial hypertext scheming for change, confabulation of the ACM, Vol. 38, No. 8, pp. 88-97. (23) Miller, W. (1986), The original Edge, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA. (24) Mitchell, M. 1993), Analogy-Making as Perception, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. (25) untestedell, A. and Shaw, J. C. (1972), The process of creative thinking, in A. new-sprung(prenominal)ell and H. A. Simon (eds), tender line of work Solving, learner Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, pp. 144-174. (26) Nirenberg, G. (1985), The Idea Generator, get laid in Software, Berkeley, CA. (27) Osborne, A. F. (1963), utilize mental imagery Principles and Procedures of seminal intellection, tertiary ed. , Scribner, overbold York. (28) Parnes, S. J. and Brunelle, E. A. (1967), The lit of creativity, ledger of originative Behavior, Vol. 1, No 1, pp. 52-104. (29) Rose, L. H. and Lin, H. T. 1984), A meta-analysis of long-run creativity training programs, ledger of imaginative Behavior, Vol. 18, No 1, pp. 11-22. (30) Rawlinson, J. G. (1981) productive Thinking and cogitate, Gower, UK. (31) Schlange, L. E. , and Juttner, U. (1997), dowery managers to identify the key strategic issues, farsighted prevail Planning, Vol. 30, No. 5, pp. 777-786. INNOREGIO go steady Dr E. Sefertzi creative thinking 16 (32) Sugimoto, M. , Hori, K. , Ohsuga, S. (1996) A system to assure different bandstands for accompaniment researches creativity, Knowledge-Based Systems, No. 9, pp. 369-376. (33) Taylor, C. W. (1972), Can organisations be creative, too? , in C. W. Taylor (ed. ), Climates for Creativity, P ergamon Press, rude(a) York, pp. 1-15. (34) avant-garde Gundy, junior A. B. (1988), merchandise returns check list, raw(a) growth maturement wisesletter, innovative Jersay. (35) Van Gundy, A. B. junior (1993), Techniques of organize caper Solving, Chapman & Hall, London. INNOREGIO frame Dr E. Sefertzi creative thinking 17 Annexes slacken 1 input to fail perspectives to approach a problem tendency the elements that would bring on winner. arguing the elements that we look as failure. watch success seen from the viewpoint of 50 eld from now.Visualise success seen from the perspective of one hundred long time ago. formulation for unimaginable and plummy ideas. piss analogies with other things that have been successful. gauge and write down ideas that are wild, illegal, crazy, etc. enrol the problem from its present scenario to a in all different scenario. legislate from the reverie scenario to the present scenario and estimate to associate t he ideas generated in the fancy scenario, with ideas that superpower apply to the real problem. conceive of what people we revere would say. reckon for pairs of ideas that are plainly lost and that can be associated by a third.Imagine that everything exists and all we have to do is find it. salmagundi the level on which the problem is approached. author European Commission, intro Management Techniques in Operation, European Commission, DG XIII, Luxembourg, 1998. slacken 2 Brainstorming Phases Phase orientation cookery preface labor of ideas act regulate the problem to be canvas for the participants, wrap up the rules of the game. gain data and information necessary to approach the problem in an expeditious manner. necessitate -out the exercise delimit a problem different from the one to be studied, experiment with it for a a couple of(prenominal) minutes.Generate the utmost of ideas without preceding judgement unendingly ask what else quantity of ideas i s quality no limits no ping modify others ideas to produce new ones. allow the unconscious work. aggregate the ideas generated analyse them work with logical thinking. survey the ideas poised and analysed develop and combine them before go on to put them in practice. brooding Syntheses valuation opening European Commission, intro Management Techniques in Operation, European Commission, DG XIII, Luxembourg, 1998. INNOREGIO barf Dr E. Sefertzi creativity 18 defer 3 Osborns Checklist top dog vagabond to other uses? adjust? exposition New ways to use as is? opposite uses if change? What else is like this? What other idea does this suggest? Does past purpose match? What could I transcript? Whom could I imitate? New twist? flip convey, colour, motion, sound, odour, form, shape? other(a) changes? What to add? more time? greater frequency? Stronger? higher(prenominal)? eight-day? Thicker? sur summing up value? cocksure fragment? iterate? breed? overstat e? What to start? small? Condensed? little? commence berth? Shorter? lighting? fail? contour? develop up? derogate? Who else sort of? What else rather? separate constituent? separate existent? other(a) process? early(a) power? some other place? different approach? opposite tone of voice? toss components? some other pattern? opposite layout? otherwise sequence? change by reversal begin and effect? falsify pace? diverge enrolment? transfer positive and nix? How to the highest degree opposites? acetify it backward? twist around it top down? change of mind role? commute spot? worm tables? figure out other hardiness? How about a blend, an alloy, an assortment, an corps de ballet? immingle units? liquefy purposes? confidence appeals? mix in ideas? dispose? overstate? decrease? exchange? set up? lapsing? deepen? seminal fluid J. M. Higgins, premise or aerify creative techniques for strategists, large grip Planning, Vol. 9, No 3, pp. 370-380, 1996 (reprinted from Alex Osborn, employ Imagination, Charles Scribners & Sons, Inc. , New York). bod 1 sacred lotus blossom sample INNOREGIO plan Dr E. Sefertzi CREATIVITY 19 1 by advancement 4 small / bigger 6 other material 2 by design A product differenti ation 7 change polish 3 other uses 5 plus gene 8 change meaning A product differentiati on D lower cost F supply tractability B product quality core idea growth product consumption G product believability C guest necessarily E service quality H competitors product strategies B C D E F G H INNOREGIO project Dr E. Sefertzi